On the release of goods without Presentation of B/L in carriage of goods by sea
——Taking into consideration the introspection and query to the focus of issue of releasing of goods without B/L


Summary Introduction

Bills of lading, the document invented by European merchant, has become the basis of international trade and shipping by hundreds of years’ practice, customs and improvements.[1] These years, the case of taking delivery without B/L has been a large proportion in maritime trials, becoming the focus of the issue of B/L. It has been a long time people argued its nature, legal responsibility and the legal validity of the letter of guarantee. Some people even say “taking delivery without B/L nearly is one of the ‘aberrant’ ocean carriage acts relating to the most problems in theory and practice.”[2] It will be necessary to thrash over the problem for carrier, the owner of goods, agent of shipping and goods and the parties of trade, and it will be beneficial to improve our credit of foreign trade. This article will regulate these issues systematically and try to interpellate the viewpoint about the character of this act and the validity of the letter of guarantee. Meanwhile it will recognize the legal responsibility of the issue logically from a new angular .At last it will give some resolutions to solve the problem of taking delivery without original B/L.
















List of content


1. Legal basis of taking delivery with original B/L:
(a). The legal character of B/L demands of taking delivery with original B/L
(b). Taking delivery with original B/L is an international usage
2. The judgment, causality, typical model and demur of the act of releasing of goods without B/L:
(a). The criterion for judgment of the act of releasing of goods without B/L
(b). The causality and typical model of releasing of goods without B/L
(c). The demur of releasing of goods without B/L
3. The responsibility attribution and exertion of legal capacity to sue of releasing of goods without B/L—— the criticism to the “doctrine of breach of contract ”, “doctrine of tort ”, “doctrine of concurrent”
(a). The doctrines of the responsibility attribution of releasing of goods without B/L and the evaluation of them
(b). The posteriori from the logically subsequent of the responsibility attribution of releasing of goods without B/L
4. Letter of guarantee of releasing of goods without B/L—— the interpellation to recent theory and practice
(a). The nature of letter of guarantee
(b). The validity of letter of guarantee —— the interpellation to the criterion of “good faith and malice”.
(c). The extending tendency of the independence of letter of guarantee ——Demand Guarantees.
5. The resolution to the issue of releasing of goods without B/L.
(a). The advice given to solve the issue
(b). The evaluation to the advice mentioned above and the viewpoint about it




国家统计局


国家统计局关于工资总额组成的暂行规定

一九五五年五月二十一日国务院批准

一、凡国营、地方国营、合作社营、公私合营、私营企业、事业及机关、团体，所有计划、统计、会计有关工资总额的计算，均以本规定为依据。
二、工资总额包括在册与非在册人员的全部工资。
三、凡企业、事业、机关、团体以货币形式或实物形式支付给职工的工作报酬，及根据立法规定支付给职工的工资性质的津贴，不问经费来源，均应计算在工资总额内。

在企业、事业、机关，团体中使用自己的工具、牲畜及其他生产资料工作的职工，工资总额仅包括其本人的劳动报酬，不包括使用其工具、牲畜及其它生产资料的费用。
四、企业、事业、机关、团体的统计报告中，报告月（季、年）的工资总额应包括职工在报告月（季、年）完成工作的全部工资，即应该包括应付未付的工资，不包括预付及补发的工资。凡预付的工资应计入应发月（季、年）的工资总额内，补发的工资，则在季、年报表中加以调整。
五、工资总额的组成：
（1）对已做的工作按工资标准支付的计时工资；
（2）对已做的工作按计件单件（包括累进制的累进单价）支付的计件工资；
（3）由于工作条件变更（原材料不符合要求、加工过程复杂、工具和设备不良等）而发给计件工人的工资津贴；
（4）计件工人从事低于其技术等级的工作未达到原工资率的工资补贴；
（5）包工工资；
（6）不采用上列工资制度，而用营业提成办法所支付的报酬；
（7）各种经常性的奖金（如完成与超额完成计划、节约原材料、燃料、电力、提高质量及无事故等奖金）；
（8）加班加点津贴（包括节日、假日加班）；
（9）夜班津贴；
（10）非因工人过失而产生废品时的工资；
（11）非因工人过失而机器设备停工时间的工资；
（12）由于工作条件困难（工作有害健康、繁重、危险等）而发给的津贴；
（13）节日值班津贴；
（14）技术津贴；
（15）支给兼任工长（班组长）者的津贴；
（16）支给生产中教学徒者的津贴；
（17）稿费、讲课费及其他专门工作的报酬；
（18）地区津贴；
（19）在工作中女工哺育婴儿时间的工资；
（20）执行国家和社会义务时的工资；
（21）未成年工优待工作时间的工资；
（22）职工调动期间的工资；
（23）定期休假的工资；
（24）支给派出学习但仍算本单位编制内的工作人员的工资；
（25）其他工资性质的津贴（如伙食津贴、房贴、水电贴、煤贴等）；
（26）解雇金。
六、工资总额不包括下列各项：
（1）支付给创造发明、技术改进、合理化建议、劳动竞赛、各种模范等一次性的奖金；
（2）工资附加费、国家机关、团体的福利费。但由工资附加费开支的工会、劳保、福利、卫生机构工作人员的工资，应分别包括在支付单位的工资总额内；
（3）劳动保护的各种支出（如特殊工作服、口罩、手套、解毒剂、通风设备及各种安全设备支出）；
（4）出差费；
（5）调动工作的旅费与调动工作地区的安家费；
（6）实习学生的津贴。
七、中央各主管部门必要时得依据本规定及各该部门的具体情况分别拟制补充规定，报国家统计局批准施行。
八、本规定自颁发之日起施行，届时原由政务院财政经济委员会一九五一年三月七日颁发的“关于工资总额组成的规定”即行废止。